1043-3155 Pediatr Neurol Briefs pedneurbriefs Pediatr Neurol Briefs Pediatric Neurology Briefs Pediatr Neurol Briefs 2166-6482 1043-3155 2166-3155 Pediatric Neurology Briefs Publishers Chicago, IL, USA PNB-9-66-a 10.15844/pedneurbriefs-9-9-2 Movement Disorders Neurology Pediatrics Nervous System Diseases Child Development Brain Diseases Neurosurgery Child Infant Tic Disorders and Tourette’s Syndrome http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-7931 Millichap J. Gordon MD 1 2 * Division of Neurology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Correspondence: Dr. J. Gordon Millichap, E-mail: jgmillichap@northwestern.edu 09 1995 01 06 2016 9 9 66 66 Copyright: © 1995 The Author(s) 1995 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The relationship between tic disorders and Tourette’s syndrome revisited

The relationship between Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder was evaluated in 71 unselected children referred for psychopharmacological treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

 Tourette’s Syndrome Antisocial Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder

The relationship between Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder was evaluated in 71 unselected children referred for psychopharmacological treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Children with TS (32) and chronic tics (39) differed from controls in rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders including ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders (depression, bipolarity), antisocial disorders (conduct and oppositional defiant disorder), and anxiety disorders. Both TS and chronic tic groups also suffered from cognitive impairments, lowered academic achievement (WRAT arithmetic), arithmetic learning disabilities, and school dysfunction. TS patients differed from tic disorder patients in the significantly higher rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and simple phobia. TS and chronic tic disorder are related disease entities, with TS being a more severe form of tic disorder. [1]

COMMENT. These findings are consistent with genetic studies showing that the TS gene is variably expressed as TS, transient tic disorders, or chronic tics. Comorbidity with ADHD, occurring in 50% of TS patients, is reported to cause more disability than the motor tics. The comorbidity with anxiety and mood disorders including mania affects the course, treatment, and outcome of tic disorders.

 Spencer T Biederman J Harding M Wilens T Faraone S The relationship between tic disorders and Tourette’s syndrome revisited J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Sep 34 9 1133 9 7559306 10.1097/00004583-199509000-00009